Antibiotic Guardian Birmingham Workshop4 All of Us
Antibiotic resistance is one of the biggest threats facing us today!
European Antibiotic Awareness Day (EAAD) is part of the UK 5 Year Antimicrobial Resistance Strategy 2013 to 2018, which focuses on antibiotics and sets out actions to slow the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance.
This year, to run in line with EAAD; Public Health England has established the Antibiotic Guardian pledge campaign. It calls on everyone in the UK, the public and healthcare community to become antibiotics guardian by choosing one simple pledge about how they will make better use of these vital medicines.
To ensure that the information and knowledge on Antibiotic Stewardship is disseminated to those practising healthcare across the nation, a series of awareness and educational events have been developed. These educational workshop events, to be held in Leeds, Birmingham and London, will provide guidance, resources and information for practitioners on topics associated with antibiotic awareness. The events will provide an opportunity to understand how you and your organisation can support combat the global challenge faced by antibiotic resistance whilst gaining advice, support and resources to inform patients and staff.
Smart Use of Antibiotics (SUA) in Indonesiamarkovingian
Smart Use of Antibiotics (SUA) in Indonesia
Diberikan dan disampaikan pada Seminar "Cegah Resistensi Antibiotik: Demi Selamatkan Manusia", kerjasama Kemenkes, WHO, dan Yayasan Orang Tua Peduli, didukung oleh React, 5 Agustus 2015
Effect of Peer Counselling by Mother Support Groups on Infant and Young Child...POSHAN
This presentation was made by Arun Gupta (Breastfeeding Promotion Network of India) in the session on 'Implementation research on delivery of interventions during pre-pregnancy through lactation' at the POSHAN Conference "Delivering for Nutrition in India Learnings from Implementation Research", November 9–10, 2016.
For more information about the conference visit our website: www.poshan.ifpri.info
Antibiotic Guardian Birmingham Workshop4 All of Us
Antibiotic resistance is one of the biggest threats facing us today!
European Antibiotic Awareness Day (EAAD) is part of the UK 5 Year Antimicrobial Resistance Strategy 2013 to 2018, which focuses on antibiotics and sets out actions to slow the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance.
This year, to run in line with EAAD; Public Health England has established the Antibiotic Guardian pledge campaign. It calls on everyone in the UK, the public and healthcare community to become antibiotics guardian by choosing one simple pledge about how they will make better use of these vital medicines.
To ensure that the information and knowledge on Antibiotic Stewardship is disseminated to those practising healthcare across the nation, a series of awareness and educational events have been developed. These educational workshop events, to be held in Leeds, Birmingham and London, will provide guidance, resources and information for practitioners on topics associated with antibiotic awareness. The events will provide an opportunity to understand how you and your organisation can support combat the global challenge faced by antibiotic resistance whilst gaining advice, support and resources to inform patients and staff.
Smart Use of Antibiotics (SUA) in Indonesiamarkovingian
Smart Use of Antibiotics (SUA) in Indonesia
Diberikan dan disampaikan pada Seminar "Cegah Resistensi Antibiotik: Demi Selamatkan Manusia", kerjasama Kemenkes, WHO, dan Yayasan Orang Tua Peduli, didukung oleh React, 5 Agustus 2015
Effect of Peer Counselling by Mother Support Groups on Infant and Young Child...POSHAN
This presentation was made by Arun Gupta (Breastfeeding Promotion Network of India) in the session on 'Implementation research on delivery of interventions during pre-pregnancy through lactation' at the POSHAN Conference "Delivering for Nutrition in India Learnings from Implementation Research", November 9–10, 2016.
For more information about the conference visit our website: www.poshan.ifpri.info
HPTN 067/ADAPT methods and results from women in Cape TownИлья Антипин
Grant R. и др. «HPTN 067/ADAPT methods and results from women in Cape Town» 8th IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention, Vancouver, 2015. MOSY0103.
Iowa TelePrEP: Delivering PrEP through Telemedicine and Public Health Partner...YTH
Telemedicine is a collection of means or methods for enhancing health care, public health and health education delivery and support using telecommunications technologies. With more than 95% of adults, and 100% of young adults between the age of 18-29 owning a cell phone in the United States, a technology-based health intervention can be available to hard-to-reach populations or underserved areas.
Panelists will engage a rich dialogue and showcase innovative and effective ways to create prevention programs for HIV and STDs using the potential telehealth can offer, specifically with linking young people to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis, or PrEP. This plenary brings together leaders in the field of HIV prevention, research and policy along with private organizations and companies that are currently active on the field of biomedical prevention.
This presentation was given by Craig Cooper, Chief Executive Officer, National Association of People With HIV Australia, at the AFAO Members Forum – May 2015.
Dr. Jeff Bender - One Health Antibiotic Stewardship Science and Practice - Wh...John Blue
One Health Antibiotic Stewardship Science and Practice - What are the Major Gaps in Knowledge or Translation? How Do We Find the Answers to What We Don't Know? - Dr. Kerry Keffaber, Chief Veterinarian, Scientific Affairs and Policy, Elanco Animal Health; Dr. Jeff Bender, Professor, Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota; Dr. Nora Schrag, Clinical Assistant Professor/Agricultural Practices, Kansas State University; Mr. Joe Swedberg, Chairman of the Board, Farm Foundation, Hormel Foods Corporation (retired); Dr. David G. White, Associate Dean for Research, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, from the 2017 NIAA Antibiotic Symposium - Antibiotic Stewardship: Collaborative Strategy for Animal Agriculture and Human Health, October 31 - November 2, 2017, Herndon, Virginia, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2017-niaa-antibiotic-symposium-antibiotic-stewardship
Health partners elluminate ppt_final_9.13.10CChangeProgram
C-Change (Communication for Change) is a USAID-fundd program to improve the effectiveness and sustainability of social and behavior change communication (SBCC) as an integral part of development efforts in malaria, HIV and AIDS, and family planning/reproductive health.
C-Change works with USAID and the President's Malaria Initiative (PMI) to prevent and control malaria in several PMI target countries, including Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Sao Tome and Principe, as well as others.
On September 13, 2010, C-Change and MCHIP facilitated a narrated presentation of the work of two PMI grantees, Concern Universal and HealthPartners, via a webinar. Participants included Save the Children, USAID, CDC, IFPH, and others.
For more information, please visit: http://www.c-changeprogram.org/
Dr Kathleen Holloway specialised in the public health of pharmaceuticals in low and middle-income countries and with a special interest in promoting more rational use of antibiotics.
Maternal Anemia within Child Survival Grants: Lessons Learned at Helen Keller...jehill3
Maternal Anemia within Child Survival Grants: Lessons Learned at Helen Keller International
Core Group Spring Meeting Pre-Session, Monday April 26, 2010
info4africa/MRC KZN Community Forum | 25 March 2014 | The Department of Healt...info4africa
Speaker: Ms Zamazulu Mtshali – Deputy Manager for the Integrated Nutrition Programme (INP), KwaZulu-Natal Department of Health
Ms Mtshali's presentation will highlight studies that show the presence of nutritional transition in KwaZulu-Natal, where both under and over-nutrition are prevalent. Within the context of the HIV and AIDS pandemic and food insecurity, the high prevalence of under-nutrition, micronutrient deficiencies and emergent over-nutrition presents a complex series of challenges.
Over the years, significant gains have been made with regards to scaling up nutrition, with the development of policies and guidelines for the implementation of nutrition strategies. There is now a renewed focus on specific priority groups for nutrition interventions to have a bigger impact.
HPTN 067/ADAPT methods and results from women in Cape TownИлья Антипин
Grant R. и др. «HPTN 067/ADAPT methods and results from women in Cape Town» 8th IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention, Vancouver, 2015. MOSY0103.
Iowa TelePrEP: Delivering PrEP through Telemedicine and Public Health Partner...YTH
Telemedicine is a collection of means or methods for enhancing health care, public health and health education delivery and support using telecommunications technologies. With more than 95% of adults, and 100% of young adults between the age of 18-29 owning a cell phone in the United States, a technology-based health intervention can be available to hard-to-reach populations or underserved areas.
Panelists will engage a rich dialogue and showcase innovative and effective ways to create prevention programs for HIV and STDs using the potential telehealth can offer, specifically with linking young people to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis, or PrEP. This plenary brings together leaders in the field of HIV prevention, research and policy along with private organizations and companies that are currently active on the field of biomedical prevention.
This presentation was given by Craig Cooper, Chief Executive Officer, National Association of People With HIV Australia, at the AFAO Members Forum – May 2015.
Dr. Jeff Bender - One Health Antibiotic Stewardship Science and Practice - Wh...John Blue
One Health Antibiotic Stewardship Science and Practice - What are the Major Gaps in Knowledge or Translation? How Do We Find the Answers to What We Don't Know? - Dr. Kerry Keffaber, Chief Veterinarian, Scientific Affairs and Policy, Elanco Animal Health; Dr. Jeff Bender, Professor, Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota; Dr. Nora Schrag, Clinical Assistant Professor/Agricultural Practices, Kansas State University; Mr. Joe Swedberg, Chairman of the Board, Farm Foundation, Hormel Foods Corporation (retired); Dr. David G. White, Associate Dean for Research, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, from the 2017 NIAA Antibiotic Symposium - Antibiotic Stewardship: Collaborative Strategy for Animal Agriculture and Human Health, October 31 - November 2, 2017, Herndon, Virginia, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2017-niaa-antibiotic-symposium-antibiotic-stewardship
Health partners elluminate ppt_final_9.13.10CChangeProgram
C-Change (Communication for Change) is a USAID-fundd program to improve the effectiveness and sustainability of social and behavior change communication (SBCC) as an integral part of development efforts in malaria, HIV and AIDS, and family planning/reproductive health.
C-Change works with USAID and the President's Malaria Initiative (PMI) to prevent and control malaria in several PMI target countries, including Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Sao Tome and Principe, as well as others.
On September 13, 2010, C-Change and MCHIP facilitated a narrated presentation of the work of two PMI grantees, Concern Universal and HealthPartners, via a webinar. Participants included Save the Children, USAID, CDC, IFPH, and others.
For more information, please visit: http://www.c-changeprogram.org/
Dr Kathleen Holloway specialised in the public health of pharmaceuticals in low and middle-income countries and with a special interest in promoting more rational use of antibiotics.
Maternal Anemia within Child Survival Grants: Lessons Learned at Helen Keller...jehill3
Maternal Anemia within Child Survival Grants: Lessons Learned at Helen Keller International
Core Group Spring Meeting Pre-Session, Monday April 26, 2010
info4africa/MRC KZN Community Forum | 25 March 2014 | The Department of Healt...info4africa
Speaker: Ms Zamazulu Mtshali – Deputy Manager for the Integrated Nutrition Programme (INP), KwaZulu-Natal Department of Health
Ms Mtshali's presentation will highlight studies that show the presence of nutritional transition in KwaZulu-Natal, where both under and over-nutrition are prevalent. Within the context of the HIV and AIDS pandemic and food insecurity, the high prevalence of under-nutrition, micronutrient deficiencies and emergent over-nutrition presents a complex series of challenges.
Over the years, significant gains have been made with regards to scaling up nutrition, with the development of policies and guidelines for the implementation of nutrition strategies. There is now a renewed focus on specific priority groups for nutrition interventions to have a bigger impact.
I am professionally pharmacist. These slides for clinical subject especially for pharmacy department students. I hope students get more benefits about it.
Introduction of the NZ Health IT Plan enables better gout management - Reflections of an early adopter. Presented by Peter Gow, Counties Manukau DHB, at HINZ 2014, 12 November 2014, 11.37am, Plenary Room
Preliminary results from a survey on the use of metrics and evaluation strate...jehill3
Preliminary results from a survey on the use of metrics and evaluation strategies among mHealth projects
Patricia Mechael, Nadi Kaonga
Center for Global Health and Economic Development at the Earth Institute, Columbia University
CORE Group Spring Meeting, April 30, 2010
Working with the “institutional” health system: HAI’s model of health systems...jehill3
Working with the “institutional” health system: HAI’s model of health systems strengthening
Emily deRiel, Health Alliance International
CORE Group Spring Meeting, April 30, 2010
Boosting Nutrition Impact via Integrated Program Strategiesjehill3
Boosting Nutrition Impact via Integrated Program Strategies
Heather Danton and Paige Harrigan, Save the Children
CORE Group Spring Meeting, April 30, 2010
Retention, attrition and motivation of voluntary workers in community-based p...jehill3
Retention, attrition and motivation of voluntary workers in community-based programs
Peter Winch and Anne Palaia, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
CORE Group Spring Meeting, April 29, 2010
Community Directed Interventions to Improve Malaria in Pregnancy Control Serv...jehill3
Community Directed Interventions to Improve Malaria in Pregnancy Control Services in Nigeria
William R Brieger, Bright Orji, Joseph Okeibunor, Emmanuel Otolorin, Gbenga Ishola, Barbara Rawlins
JHPIEGO
Safe Motherhood and Reproductive Health Working Group Showcase
CORE Group Spring Meeting, April 29, 2010
HBLSS: Improving on Innovation
American College of Nurse Midwives
Safe Motherhood and Reproductive Health Working Group Showcase
CORE Group Spring Meeting, April 29, 2010
Meeting the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Needs of People Living with HIV/AID...jehill3
Meeting the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Needs of People Living with HIV/AIDS and their Families
Elizabeth Younger, USAID
SBC Working Group Showcase
CORE Group Spring Meeting, April 29, 2010
Barrier Analysis Survey: Working Group Participationjehill3
Barrier Analysis Survey: Working Group Participation
Mitzi Hanold, Food for the Hungry
SBC Working Group Showcase
CORE Group Spring Meeting, April 29, 2010
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Antimicrobial stewardship to prevent antimicrobial resistanceGovindRankawat1
India is among the nations with the highest burden of bacterial infections.
India is one of the largest consumers of antibiotics worldwide.
India carries one of the largest burdens of drug‑resistant pathogens worldwide.
Highest burden of multidrug‑resistant tuberculosis,
Alarmingly high resistance among Gram‑negative and Gram‑positive bacteria even to newer antimicrobials such as carbapenems.
NDM‑1 ( New Delhi Metallo Beta lactamase 1, an enzyme which inactivates majority of Beta lactam antibiotics including carbapenems) was reported in 2008
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
DISSERTATION on NEW DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF DRUG DISCOVERYNEHA GUPTA
The process of drug discovery and development is a complex and multi-step endeavor aimed at bringing new pharmaceutical drugs to market. It begins with identifying and validating a biological target, such as a protein, gene, or RNA, that is associated with a disease. This step involves understanding the target's role in the disease and confirming that modulating it can have therapeutic effects. The next stage, hit identification, employs high-throughput screening (HTS) and other methods to find compounds that interact with the target. Computational techniques may also be used to identify potential hits from large compound libraries.
Following hit identification, the hits are optimized to improve their efficacy, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic properties, resulting in lead compounds. These leads undergo further refinement to enhance their potency, reduce toxicity, and improve drug-like characteristics, creating drug candidates suitable for preclinical testing. In the preclinical development phase, drug candidates are tested in vitro (in cell cultures) and in vivo (in animal models) to evaluate their safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. Toxicology studies are conducted to assess potential risks.
Before clinical trials can begin, an Investigational New Drug (IND) application must be submitted to regulatory authorities. This application includes data from preclinical studies and plans for clinical trials. Clinical development involves human trials in three phases: Phase I tests the drug's safety and dosage in a small group of healthy volunteers, Phase II assesses the drug's efficacy and side effects in a larger group of patients with the target disease, and Phase III confirms the drug's efficacy and monitors adverse reactions in a large population, often compared to existing treatments.
After successful clinical trials, a New Drug Application (NDA) is submitted to regulatory authorities for approval, including all data from preclinical and clinical studies, as well as proposed labeling and manufacturing information. Regulatory authorities then review the NDA to ensure the drug is safe, effective, and of high quality, potentially requiring additional studies. Finally, after a drug is approved and marketed, it undergoes post-marketing surveillance, which includes continuous monitoring for long-term safety and effectiveness, pharmacovigilance, and reporting of any adverse effects.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
In Sync with Zinc
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13. Zinc Utilization Results (NEPAL August 2008) ORS use: 68% RHF use: 56%** % all children with diarrhea % zinc users Treated with zinc 15.4% Treated with zinc and ORS/ORT 12.1% 79% Treated with zinc for 10 days or more 10.1% 66%
14. Zinc Utilization Results (Benin November 2009) ORS use: 40%, RHF: 18% % all children with diarrhea % zinc users Treated with zinc 30.9% Treated with zinc and ORS/ORT 27% 87.5% Treated with zinc for 10 days or more 14.1% 45.7%
Our program objectives: First, We wanted to make sure that a quality affordable zinc product was widely available through the commercial sector (specifically in private pharmacies and chemist shops) Then we focused on improving caregiver knowledge about zinc along with ORS/ORT as the newly recommended first line treatment for childhood diarrheas and encouraging zinc use for every bout of uncomplicated diarrhea. Finally, we wanted to improve private provider knowledge and change their treatment recommendations away from antibiotics and antidiarrheals—replacing these treatments with zinc, while still encouraging ORS/ORT use.
Our three main activities in Nepal focused on: Encouraging three local pharmaceutical firms to produce quality, affordable dispersible zinc tablets and distribute them through their normal commercial channels. Creating a generic communications campaign to educate the public about zinc, raise their awareness, and encourage use. We created a program logo, pictured here, that was used on all communication materials. The campaign encompassed radio and TV spots, billboards, posters, and point-of-sale materials. And, we trained over 8000 public and private providers (including doctors, nurses, chemists and Female Health Care Volunteers).
Use RESULTS: 15% of children with diarrhea in the last 2 weeks had been treated with zinc. Our baseline from the DHS in 2006 was less than 1 percent. We were concerned that mothers might substitute zinc for ORS as it was not co-packaged, but our research data shows that 79% of caregivers treating with zinc also treated with ORS or ORT — and 66% treated for the full 10 days. Again, very encouraging results
Use RESULTS: 15% of children with diarrhea in the last 2 weeks had been treated with zinc. Our baseline from the DHS in 2006 was less than 1 percent. We were concerned that mothers might substitute zinc for ORS as it was not co-packaged, but our research data shows that 79% of caregivers treating with zinc also treated with ORS or ORT — and 66% treated for the full 10 days. Again, very encouraging results
Household survey results. In terms of knowledge of zinc among all caregivers of children under 5: 52% had heard of zinc and knew that it was an appropriate diarrhea treatment. 28 percent knew that zinc needed to be given for 10 days, and 41% knew where to obtain zinc. These are excellent results, given that knowledge is the first step in changing behavior.
Zinc can be successfully marketed as an accompaniment to ORS without being co-packaged where ORS is well established and use is relatively high. We need to continue to monitor the behaviors of providers—particularly chemists—and seek to find ways to reduce the use of anti-diarrheals and other pills and syrups There were a number of significant policy lessons learned: Zinc treatment programs are most effective when public and private sector programs are coordinated and working in tandem. While this type of coordination takes time and effort, in the end, the strong public-private partnership that was developed in Nepal, with MOH leadership championing both programs, was a key element in program success
This slide shows the impact of exposure to mass media communications (those who heard zinc messages on TV or radio). 98% of those exposed to a zinc message knew that zinc was an appropriate treatment for diarrhea compared to 39% of those who had received the information through another channel. 86% exposed vs 21% of those not exposed to the messages knew that zinc needed to be taken for 10 days.
This graph demonstrates the impact of the mass media communications on correct use behaviors which supplement provider education. 38% of those who heard (and recalled) the message about using zinc and ORS together correctly administered zinc with ORS or ORT vs 9% who had not heard a radio or TV message but received advice from a provider 25% of caregivers who had heard the message about treating for 10 days used the zinc for the full 10 days, vs 8 percent of those who had not. And in terms of overall correct use (both ORT/ORS and 10 days) 33% of those who had heard the messages vs 7% who did not treated correctly.
Th e household survey results parallel the findings of our Mystery Client Survey: 82% recommended an anti-diarrheal. About 2/3 recommended ORS, Fewer than hoped for (about 30%) recommended zinc as the first line treatment In discussions with chemists, their response was: mothers want the diarrhea to stop TODAY. When told to take the zinc the full 10 days,caregivers’ initially think it will take 10 days for the diarrhea to stop. Work still needs to be done to convince both providers and caregivers of the value of zinc in protecting against further bouts of diarrhea and that antidiarrheals may be harmful for children under 5. The good news is: recommendation for Antibiotic use is low (confirmed in our discussions with chemists)
This table shows treatment practices for diarrhea in the past two weeks: This data indicates that both public and private sector providers are providing zinc and that ORS and ORT use is high—even among traditional healers and those who treat at home. The promotion of zinc and early promotion of ORT by the Ministry continues to result in high ORS/ORT use However, the continuing high use of antibiotics, use of antidiarrheals and prescription of other unknown pills and syrups by private sector chemists and doctors are concerning. And, there is still a portion of caregivers who do nothing to treat the diarrhea. 1 Public sector: government hospitals/clinics, PHC centers, health posts, FCHV 2. Private Sector: private hospitals/clinics